Blank M., Rose S., and Berlin L. (1978) "The Language of Learning: The Preschool Years". Grune and Stratton, New York.
Blank's Levels of Discourse and the associated descriptions quoted from Blank, Rose and Berlin (1978) are used on Commtap by kind permission of Dr. Marion Blank. Marion Blank's software programmes Reading Kingdom and ASD Reading use the ideas developed in this discourse model.
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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What's missing? Pictures of common actions You could use photos, or create using symbols | 1. Put a range of pictures of actions in front of the child. 2. Check the child can pick up/point to the action you name. 3. Ask the child to have a really good look at the cards. 4. Ask the child to close their eyes or turn their back. 5. Take one card away. 6. Ask the child to uncover their eyes and say what's missing. | The child needs a good visual memory to do this activity. |
Secret card Action cards You could use photos, drawings, or create using symbols | ||
Books Picture books showing a range of actions. | You could ask questions like "Who's crying?". To encourage speaking, you could talk about the picture leaving (long) pauses in your speaking where the child could add their own comments, you could even try making the occasional errors in your descriptions (especially if the child is understanding the names for actions) and see if the child corrects you (correct yourself if they don't). | |
Fishing Pictures of actions with paper clips attached. You could use photos, or create using symbols Magnetic fishing rod - you can make one yourself with a stick or pencil, piece of string and a magnet. Box or blue sheet of paper to represent a fish tank or pond (optional). | Some children may need help with the fishing rod - a shorter line can make it easier for some children with motor difficulties, larger paperclips or less cards can also make it easier. If the child has difficulty understanding, you can reduce the number of cards or give a prompt. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Dressing game with soft toys and clothing items | Use toy clothes and a teddy/dolly. Put the teddy in front of the child and a choice of two clothing items e.g. hat and shoes. Say' Teddy wants shoes.' Help the child to select shoes and allow the child to dress the teddy or help if needed. Repeat 'Teddy's shoes...........shoes'. Continue with different clothing items. When the child is familiar with some clothing names give the child more items of clothing to choose from. | Some times it is physically easier to take cloths off than to put them on - adapt the game for taking off! Have fun with this game! |
Tea party with soft toys and plastic food | ||
Bathing teddy and dolly Washable toys Wash cloths Soap Shaving foam Drying towel | ||
Plastic animals and a toy house or farm | ||
Language Steps Programme for learning single words |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Help card Laminated 'I need you to help me' card | Use the card during classroom tasks. Introduce it as something that reminds us to ask for help when we need it. Make it a 'reward' to have the card for an activity. Tell the child who has the card for that activity, that they can ask anyone for help by showing them the card. Give them a target to use it at least once. Praise the child for using the card. | |
Sabotaged class activities | Some children are shy of 'correcting' adults, so make sure they know it is ok to tell you can't do the activity. You may find it useful to 'prime' the children and tell them that you might give them an impossible instruction to check if they are listening. You may need to provide the children with a model sentence to use when they let you know that they cannot carry out your instruction. | |
Shopping Game
| There are commercial games which are similar to this, many of them lotto games. Have the children work in pairs,, so that they must ask each other to collect the pieces they need. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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On the way to school game "On my way home from school" resource: activity available to download free from www.speechteach.co.uk (see: www.speechteach.co.uk Download selected pictures and assemble the board in your chosen way. A start square and a finish square are recommended - try not to make the game board bigger than an A3 size sheet. Laminate for future use. | 1. Players each have a token and roll dice or use a spinner to move places on the board; 2. When a player lands on a picture of an animal they must say the starter phrase "On the way to school I saw..." and then add the name of that animal; 3. The activity can be extended by asking players to add to their story. Additional information could include adjectives (describing words - e.g. "big"), conjunctions (joining words - e.g. "and", "because") and verbs (action words, e.g. "run", "drop"). For example, "On my way to school today I saw a tiny mouse." | This game is ideal to work on in a small group with players of varying skill levels. Model the starter phrase and provide an example of what is expected. Players can be working at different levels whilst playing the same game e.g. one can be working at a naming level, whilst another can be working on adding an adjective to the sentence. To keep the game fun and interesting, children may be encouraged to make up a silly version of events. E.g. "On the way to school I saw a rabbit riding a bicycle". |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Pictures and Text Pictures of familiar objects and their printed labels e.g. Picture of a dog and the label 'dog' Maybe borrow a book from home which the child likes and photocopy and then use as a picture resource . | 1. Cut out or photocopy 5 pictures of items the child is familiar with. E.g. animals/food items/objects or people from Peter and Jane books. 2. Print labels for the items 3. Give the child one picture and one label. 4. Put the two together - point to the print and read it. | Give a reward for this activity because it is not intrinsically rewarding. Increase to two pictures and two printed labels. Model the correct match. Reward each correct match. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Object to picture matching Set of picture cards representing everyday objects. Objects to match the things on the cards. For the picture cards, you could use photos, or create using symbols | 1. Start with the child's most familiar/favoured objects. Choose 2 and the two matching pictures. Match the object to the picture and say 'Look........sock/pen/flower it's the same' 2. Can the child put the object on a picture given 2 pictures and 2 objects. 3. Reward any success. 4. Start to increase the number of objects and pictures to 3 then 4 but go slowly. 5. Play a game by putting out 3 cards face down and 3 matching objects . Take it in turns to turn over a card and select the matching object 6. Use a puppet and see if the child can help the puppet match objects and cards. 7. Get a selection of cards of things in the room can you walk around with the child and find objects to match the cards Reward! | Keep rewarding Give enough time Focus attention using one or two words only Stop while the going is still good Have fun! |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Books with pictures Picture books | 1. Get 2 simple books with clear pictures. Or choose flap or pop-up books. Offer the child a choice. The book the child reaches for or looks at is considered the child's choice. 2. Get comfortable with the child and look at the first picture. Use lots of animation in your voice and lift the flap or move the pop-up feature or point to an item on the page and name it at the one word level e.g. 'Look...........apple!' or 'Look...........monkey'. 3. The child may not want to continue very long with this ......a few minutes attention is OK. Finish the activity on a good note even if you have only liked at one or two pictures. | Keep the experience short and snappy Use simple language to label pictures - 1 or 2 words at the most Repeat, repeat, repeat! |
Picture cards | ||
Family photos Ask parent for family photos from home |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Tea party Two soft toys cups and plastic food Laminated symbols for who and what Use symbols you already have, or get them using the Commtap Symboliser. | 1. Set up a tea party together and talk about it using 2/3 word phrases e.g. "teddy's got the cup" and "dragon's got the banana"; 2. Play at drinking and eating etc.; 3. Show the symbol for "who" and ask "Who has the banana?" To start with give the model answer "Look.........teddy's got the banana"; 4. As the child gets used to this type of response give fewer clues e.g. "Look, ... t....." etc. | Make the activity fun and as much as possible keep it snappy! Use simple language - 2/3 key words in a phrase at a time. (E.g. "Teddy's got the banana.") Give time for the child to respond. Give lots of praise for success or good tries. |
Miniatures Small figures Small furniture Small animals | 1. Use these to play games so that the boy sleeps on the bed or the camel jumps on the chair etc. Ask "who" questions as above using the "who" symbol; 2. Model the correct answer if needed. | |
Favourite book Favourite book | ||
Find examples in everyday life to ask "who...?" | ||
What See above activities for resources, plus laminated "what" symbol | ||
Large dice game Any of the above equipment Home made dice: (Stick "who" and "what" symbols onto sides of a square box to make a dice) Use symbols you already have, or get them using the Commtap Symboliser. | ||
Lucky dip Any of the above equipment Several "Who?" and "What?" symbols Bag For the symbols, use symbols you already have, or get them using the Commtap Symboliser. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Sharing a familiar book e.g. a pop-up or a picture book | When the child is familiar with a book and the possible answers to likely questions point to pictures and ask questions using a short phrase e.g. 'Where's Spot?', 'Who's that?', What's that?'. You want a two word answer e.g. 'under bed' etc. | If possible work in a comfortable place so that the child associates this activity as relaxing and fun Remember to allow processing time for the child to answer questions. Only ask questions you know the child can answer or the experience is stressful for the child and the child may refuse to cooperate. |
Digital photos of school life Digital camera Book of photos taken at school If a digital camera is not available use ordinary cameras and photos. | If you are using an ordinary camera for the photos you may need to keep a written record of photos taken. It is easy to muddle up what you have already photographed and what you want to photograph! | |
Home corner play Dressing up cloths Cooking toys Dolls Tea set | Remember to give lots of processing time to answer questions - and only to ask questions the child can answer! |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Puppet Feeding (nouns) - A hand puppet - Selection of play food | 1. Place the puppet on your hand and lay a few items of play food in front of you. 2. Explain that the puppet is hungry. 3. Give your child instructions, e.g. '(puppet) wants the bread', '(puppet) wants the banana'. 4. Encourage your child to give the puppet the piece of food you asked for. 5. After a few turns, swap roles and see if your child is able to tell you which food to give to the puppet. | You could sign alongside saying the word. For videos of commonly used signs - click here. |
Find it (nouns) - A selection of every day items - A box | ||
Action Game (verbs) | You could sign alongside saying the word. For videos of commonly used signs - click here. | |
Posting (nouns) - Post box - you can make your own with a cardboard box Optional printable post box template here - Picture cards to post - cick here for first words picture cards. | You could sign alongside saying the word. For videos of commonly used signs - click here. |
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