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Topic “Level 2”  

"Selective analysis of perception"

Examples of contexts and questions From Blank, Rose, and Berlin (1978):
  • A. Scanning for an object identified by its function (Find one that can...)
  • B. Describing a scene (What is happening?)
  • C. Recalling items named in a statement (What things...?)
  • D. Recalling information from a statement (Who? What? Where?)
  • E. Completing a sentence (Finish this...)
  • F. Concepts: Naming characteristics and functions of objects (Tell me its...)
  • G. Concepts: Attending to two characteristics (Find me one that is... and...)
  • H. Concepts: Identifying differences (How are these different?)
  • I. Concepts: Citing an example within a category (Name something that is a...)

Reference

Blank M., Rose S., and Berlin L. (1978) "The Language of Learning: The Preschool Years". Grune and Stratton, New York.

Blank's Levels of Discourse and the associated descriptions quoted from Blank, Rose and Berlin (1978) are used on Commtap by kind permission of Dr. Marion Blank. Marion Blank's software programmes Reading Kingdom and ASD Reading use the ideas developed in this discourse model.

To be able to describe objects using a variety of adjectives/descriptive words

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
What's in the bag?

- adjective symbol boards - click here to print

- a variety of objects or pictures - click below for a selection of pictures:

     - clothes

     - animals

     - food

     - transport

     - toys

- a bag

  1. Print out the adjective symbol boards.
  2. Explain to your child/student that you are going to take turns to put and object/picture in the bag and give clues to the other person to guess what it is. Explain you are ging to practice using lots of different words to describe the item.
  3. You go first to model how to carry out the activity. Choose and object/picture to put in the bag.
  4. Give a description of the item - model using the symbol boards to find words you could use to describe the item.
  5. Encourage the child to guess and then swap roles.

Make sure your child/student has an understanding of the basic concepts, e.g. heavy/light, hard/soft before playing this game.

 

To make this activity easier, you could give your child/student a selection of pictures they can look at while you are giving clues to see if they can find the one you are describing.

Label a picture

- A selection of photographs or pictures of objects - you could cut them out from a newspaper, magazine or catalogue.

- Paper

- Glue

- Optional - adjective symbol charts - click here to print.

To be able to find objects that go together

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Matching game
  1. Print and cut out the things that go together cards.
  2. Split the cards into two piles, making sure one of each pair is in a different pile. 
  3. Lay one pile of cards on the table in front of you.
  4. Explain to your child that you will take turns at choosing a card and then searching for the item that goes togeher with it.
  5. You may need to model a turn.
  6. When you turn the card over, name the item.
  7. When you find the item that goes with it, name that item too and explain why they go togeher, e.g. 'fork and knife - you use them both to eat your dinner.
  8. Continue until all the pairs have matched up.

Activities to understand and use the concepts hot/cold

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Hot/cold sorting game

1. Choose a selection of picture cards to sort - print and cut these out along with the hot/cold symbols.

2. Explain to your child that you are going to sort the pictures into whether the item is hot/cold.

3. Take turns at choosing a picture and sorting it on to hte correct symbol. Name the picture as you sort, e.g. 'ice cube is cold'.

4. You could use a turn taking game alongside sorting to make the activity fun.

Hot/cold clothing sorting game

Activities to develop understanding of instructions containing 3 key words - set 2 (nouns/adjectives)

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Sort the Washing (size + colour + noun)

- Washing machine template - click here to print. You could stick the template onto a cardboard box and cut out a slot to post the clothing cards in to.

- Clothing picture cards - click here to print.

- Print and cut out the washing machine template and clothing cards.

- Lay out the clothes cards in front of you. Explain to your child that you need to put the washing in the machine and that they can help.

- Give instructions containing 3 key words (size+colour+clothing item), e.g. wash the big red hat, wash the small green socks.

- After a few turns, encourage your child to give you an instruction. 

If your child is finding it challenging to follow the instructions containing 3 key words you could try the following:

- check that they understand the concepts being used in the instructions: colour and size

Click here for activities that work on developing big/little/small.

- Remove some of the pictures and give instructions containing 2 key words, e.g. have one size of clothes and different colours, 'was the red hat'.

You could also look at activities that focus on two key words here:

Two key word activities - set 1

Two key word activities - set 2

Two key word activities - set 3

 

If your child is following 3 key word instructions, you may like to try working on 4 key word instruction here:

- Four key word activities

Alien Visitors (size + colour + place)

If your child is finding it challenging to follow the instructions containing 3 key words you could try the following:

- check that they understand the concepts being used in the instructions: colour and size

Click here for activities that work on developing big/little/small.

- Remove some of the pictures and give instructions containing 2 key words, e.g. have one size of clothes and different colours, 'was the red hat'.

You could also look at activities that focus on two key words here:

Two key word activities - set 1

Two key word activities - set 2

Two key word activities - set 3

 

If your child is following 3 key word instructions, you may like to try working on 4 key word instruction here:

- Four key word activities

Pirate themed game (size + object + place)

If your child is finding it challenging to follow the instructions containing 3 key words you could try the following:

- check that they understand the concepts being used in the instructions: size

Click here for activities that work on developing big/little/small.

- Remove some of the pictures and give instructions containing 2 key words, e.g. have one size of clothes and different colours, 'was the red hat'.

You could also look at activities that focus on two key words here:

Two key word activities - set 1

Two key word activities - set 2

Two key word activities - set 3

If your child is following 3 key word instructions, you may like to try working on 4 key word instruction here:

- Four key word activities

Activities to develop understanding of instructions containing 3 key words - set 3 (nouns/adjectives/prepositions)

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Animal Game (size + noun + preposition)

1. Print and cut out the big/little animal picture cards.

2. Explain to you child that you are going to ask them to place the animals in different places.

3. Lay out a selection of big and little animals in front of your child - make sure you have the big and little version of each animal.

4. Give instructions containing a preposition, e.g. put the big sheep under the box, put the little cow next to the box.

Prepostion words you could use: in, on, under, being, in front, next to.

Hide the toys (noun + preposition + noun)

- A room with different furniture or items such as baskets/boxes where you can hide objects.

- Objects/toys (e.g. ball, car, doll etc)

Activities to develop understanding of instructions containing 3 key words - set 1 (nouns/verbs)

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Picnic Time (noun + noun + noun)

- 2 different soft toys, e.g dolly/teddy

- 2 plates

- baskets

- Play food items

1. Put teddy and dolly in front of your child.

2. Give teddy a plate and a basket, then give dolly a plate and a basket

3. Lay a selection of play food out for your child to see.

4. Give instructions to your child, e.g. "put the banana on teddy's plate", or "put the bread in dolly's basket".

5. After a few turns, see if your child is able to give you an instruction.

If your child is finding it challenging to understand 3 key words, try some of the activities that work on 2 key words - click on the links below:

Activities set 1

Activities set 2

Activities set 3

 

Activities to understand and use the concepts of big and little/small

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Big/little treasure hunt

- 2 boxes or baskets

- a selection of objects

- Optional big/little symbols - click here to print

  1. Print and cut out the big/little symbols if you wish to use them. 
  2. Talk to your child about big/little objects and show them the symbols.
  3. Explain you are going to have a hunt and find obejcts that are big/little and sort them into boxes.
  4. Look around the area you are in - for the first few goes, you choose an object you can see and tell your child whether it is big/little and place it in approriate box.
  5. After a few turns, encourage your child to choose an object and and talk about whether it is big/little, and place it in the correct box.

If your child is understanding these concepts well, you may wish to try some key word activities that can be found here: (add link)

Big/little sorting

Activities to develop understanding and use of the pronoun 'they'

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Matching Pairs
  1. Print and cut out 2 copies of the picture cards.
  2. Lay them face down in front of you.
  3. Explain to your child that a boy is called a 'he', a girl is called a 'she' but when there is more than one person we use the word 'they'.
  4. Take turns at choosing two cards to see if you have a matching pair. Name the picture according to whether it shows 'he', 'she' or 'they'.
  5. When you find a matching pair, you have an extra turn.
  6. The winner is the person with the most pairs at the end of the game. 

Activities to develop understanding and use of the personal pronouns 'he' and 'she'

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Male/Female and he/she sorting activity

- Male female sorting symbols and pictures - click here to print

- You could also use photographs of family members, pictures from magazines/newspapers.

  1. Collect together a variety of pictures showing different male and female people.
  2. Cut out the sorting symbols - choose which ones you are going to start with. Some children find it easier to start with one concept at a time, e.g. boy/not boy rather than boy/girl, and adding the opposite concept once confident with the ones that have been worked on. Choose the words you are going to use with your child and stick with the same words for all the activites, e.g. boy/girl, male/female.
  3. Place your pictures in a pile. Take turns at choosing a picture and sorting it into the correct pile. 
  4. If your child sorts the picture into the wrong pile, talk it through with them and model placing the picture on the correct pile.
  5. Play a turn taking game alongside sorting to make the activity fun.

Once your child is getting confident with sorting the pictures into the correct piles, you can start to add the labels 'he' and 'she', e.g. 'we call a woman/girl a 'she', 'we call a man/boy a 'he''. This is called modelling - your child is not expected to use the words at this point but it is important for them to start to hear the new words that they are going to learn. 

Which is it?

1. Print and cut out the he/she pictures. Choose one each of an action, e.g. don't have both the boy and girl running.

2. Spread the pictures out in front of you. You may like to play a turn taking game alongside using the pictures.

3. Ask the child a question, e.g. "who is cooking?"

4. The child points to the correct picture and says, for example, "he is" or "he is cooking".

5. You can sort the pictures into a pile of he/she.

Play with dolls

A male doll

A female doll

A selection of different objects e.g. cup, ball.

Matching Pairs
Using he/she plus an action word
he/she lotto game

Finding items/objects from subcategories

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Subcategory Dice

- Printable subcategory dice templates

:Animals

:Food

:Household Items

 

- Printable subcategory cards

:Animals

:Food

:Household Items

 

  1. Choose which subcategory you would like to focus on. Cut out and make up the dice. Cut out the matching subcategory cards.
  2. Spread the subcategory cards on the surface in front of you and your child.
  3. Explain to your child that you are going to take turns at rolling the dice, which ever side the dice lands on, you need to find a picture that fits into that category.
  4. Name the item that you have found. If you child is finding it challenging to name items try using some of the strategies to support word finding - click here (add link)
  5. Remember some items might fit in 2 or more subcategories dependent on the child's personal experience. You could use this as a discussion point.

If your child is finding this task challenging, you can help by searching for an item together. It may also be useful to visit activities working on sorting items into categories - click here.

 

If your child is able to do this activity, when they select a card, you could ask them to think of another item that belongs to that subcategory but is not in the picture cards.

Activities to develop finding items from different categories

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Category Dice

- category dice template - click here

- printable category cards (click on each category):

     - clothes

     - animals

     - body parts

     - food

     - transport

     - toys

 

 

  1. Cut out and make up the category dice. Cut out the category cards.
  2. Spread the category cards on the surface in front of you and your child.
  3. Explain to your child that you are going to take turns at rolling the dice, which ever side the dice lands on, you need to find a picture that fits into that category.
  4. Name the item that you have found. If you child is finding it challenging to name items try using some of the strategies to support word finding - click here (add link)
  5. Remember some items might fit in 2 or more subcategories dependent on the child's personal experience. You could use this as a discussion point.

If your child is finding this task challenging, you can help by searching for an item together. It may also be useful to visit activities working on sorting items into categories - click here.

 

If your child is able to do this activity, when they select a card, you could ask them to think of another item that belongs to that category but is not in the picture cards.

 

Activities to develop understanding of the concepts noisy and quiet

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Musical Instruments

1. Each person chooses a musical instrument.

2. If you wish, you can use symbols alongside the words you use. Talk about noisy sounds and quiet sounds. Practice making these with your musical instrument.

3. Swap musical instruments and make noisy/quiet sounds again.

4. Play a game where you take turns at being the conductor and give the instructions of noisy or quiet for the others to follow.

If your child is finding it challenging to grasp the difference between noisy and quiet. Choose one concept first, e.g. noisy, and use 'not noisy' as the alternative. Once you are confident that your child understands this concept you can start to teach the concept of quiet.

Listening Walk

- optional camera to take photographs

- piece of paper and pencil

- optional noisy/quiet symbols

 

If your child is finding it challenging to grasp the difference between noisy and quiet. Choose one concept first, e.g. noisy, and use 'not noisy' as the alternative. Once you are confident that your child understands this concept you can start to teach the concept of quiet.

Noisy/quiet sorting game

If your child is finding it challenging to grasp the difference between noisy and quiet. Choose one concept first, e.g. noisy, and use 'not noisy' as the alternative. Once you are confident that your child understands this concept you can start to teach the concept of quiet.

Responds to who questions

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Familiar picture books
  • A familiar picture book;
  • If required, a symbol card to represent 'who' (for example a question mark next to a picture of a face).
  1. Ask 'who' questions about familiar pictures in books. For example, ask 'Who is this?';
  2. Model the answer if the child has difficulty answering, for example "This is Sam". You could also use a "who" symbol card when you ask questions - pointing to it when you use the word 'who'.

Teach these concepts using repeated phrases and matching them as much as possible with the relevant symbol.

Allow thinking time.

Reward any attempts.

Photos of people

One or more of these:

  • own photos from home or school;
  • picture cards with people on.

...and if required:

  • a symbol card to represent 'who' (for example a question mark next to a picture of a face).

You may need to give the child a language model before he/she can ask a 'who' question.

Who is around?

A situation where there are other people - for example in class, in the playground.

"Who" symbol card if required.

Activities to develop the pronouns 'him' and 'her'.

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Play with dolls

A male doll

A female doll

2 identical sets of items, e.g. toy food, counters, any small items.

 

1. Explain to the child that you are going to play a game that will help them learn 'him and 'her.

2. Set out the dolls and the items. Explain that you call the male doll 'him' and the female doll, 'her'.

3. Give you child instructions - e.g. give the cup to him, give the plate to her.

4. After a few turns, ask your child to give you an instruction using the word 'him' or 'her'.

Before woring on him/her, make sure your child can understand and use he/she - click here for activities to develop these concepts.

Him/her sorting game

Sequence three pictures related to hygiene

Activity/strategy name and materials required How to do the activity Key principles for doing the activity and comments
Self Care Activities

Camera to make the picture sequences (or alternatively you can draw them or use a commercial resource).

Resources as appropriate to carry out a simple sequence

Examples of sequences:

Clean teeth: get toothpaste, open lid, get brush, squeeze toothpaste onto brush, put lid back onto toothpaste, brush teeth, spit out, put brush under water, repeat, clean brush, put brush away.

Wash hands: turn on tap, rinse hands, put soap on hands, scrub hands, rinse under water, turn tap off, dry with towel.

Brush hair: get brush, brush hair, put brush away.

Deodorant: get deodorant, take off lid, spray at appropriate area, put lid back on, put away.

1. Carry out the sequence without the pictures;

2. Do it again, showing the relevant picture for each part of the activity as you do it;

3. Get the student to do the sequence, showing them a picture for each part of the sequence as they do it;

4. Get them to show you what to do by giving you a picture for each part of the sequence. Try to do exactly as the picture you are given indicates, for example if they give you a picture of scrubbing your hands before the tap is turned on/before you have the soap, try to do this - but appear confused when this doesn't work.

At this level students may often be able to learn particular sequences of pictures without understanding that they relate to a sequence of actions, these activities are designed to address this issue.

Seeing how the sequence goes wrong if the wrong picture is chosen (in step 4) will encourage the student to work out which should have been the right picture without you needing to give any further feedback.

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