Blank M., Rose S., and Berlin L. (1978) "The Language of Learning: The Preschool Years". Grune and Stratton, New York.
Blank's Levels of Discourse and the associated descriptions quoted from Blank, Rose and Berlin (1978) are used on Commtap by kind permission of Dr. Marion Blank. Marion Blank's software programmes Reading Kingdom and ASD Reading use the ideas developed in this discourse model.
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Making friends Work sheet for each child - on the right hand side, there should be space to stick the picture, on the left, a cloze procedure passage saying: 'My name is ___________ I am ___ years old I have ____ eyes I have ____skin I have ____ hair I like_________________ I am good at __________ My friend is called ______' Printouts of body, hair, clothes etc from www.makingfriends.com Glue Scissors Mirror (optional) | 1. Print out bodies, hair and clothes from the website - make sure you have the bodies and hair available to allow each child to make a reasonably accurate representation of themselves. 2. Help the children make a picture of themselves using pictures from the website. 3. Add to the pictures to the sheet and help the children fill in the blanks. 4. Ask each child feed back to group. 5. Have a brief discussion of valuing everyone irrespective of colour, looks etc. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
How do I really feel? Photo emotions cards (e.g. LDA, Colorcards or from Flash-Pro) showing photos of Happy, Sad and Angry faces | 1. Show the child the pictures and ask them to identify the emotion shown. 2. Help the child to think of alternative names for each emotion (e.g. angry = cross, annoyed, vexed, mad, cheesed off, in a bad temper etc. ...). 3. Put the pictures where the child can see them. 4. Say a sentence in a tone of voice that contradicts the message, e.g. "I'm fine, nothing's wrong with me" in a sad voice. 5. Ask the child to point to the right picture (or say its name) for the emotion you portray 6. Ask the child: "how did I say I was feeling?" and "How did I really feel?" | Try to keep the activity fun by moving on quickly. Be prepared to discuss how the child is feeling if they want to. As an alternative to pointing, put the pictures in different locations in the room and ask the child to stand by the picture they select for the emotion you show. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
What are they saying? Pictures of people talking to each other, for example: Picture books (you may need to cover any writing on the page if this distracts the child); Commercially produced pictures (e.g. LDA - Emotions cards, "Passages a decouvrir", etc); Photos (e.g. family snaps, or photos you have specially prepared); Pictures from comics and magazines; Drawings you have done. Pieces of paper cut into the shape of a speech bubble (you can buy speech bubble-shaped post-its from stationers such as Ryman or on-line) Blu-tac (optional) | 1. Show the child the picture you have selected; 2. Encourage them to have a good look at the picture; 3. Encourage them to talk about what is happening in the picture; 4. Encourage them to think about what the people in the pictures might be saying; 5. Stick a speech bubble on the picture so that it is coming out of each person's mouth; 6. Ask what each person is saying; 7. Write this down in the speech bubble (or let the child write it themself). | If the child finds it hard to work out what the person could be saying, encourage them to imagine themselves in the situation and ask what they would say. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Identifying a group of identical things as the same and a final object as different A group of identical objects e.g. red lego bricks/coloured beakers/paint brushes and an object that is quite different. Pictures of identical things e.g. lots of pictures of apples/shoes from the computer. Or photo copy something a number of times Contrast with a different computer image or photo copied item. | Put out the identical objects one at a time and say 'Red lego, red lego' etc 'Look...........the same.' Use a sign/symbol/word to label the things as 'Same'. Make a show of the item that is different. Label as 'Different' with sign/symbol/word. Follow the same procedure with pictures as for working with objects. | Its easier to identify something as different when it is very different from others in the group Extend understanding of this concept to everyday e.g. comment on children who have the same anorak/shoes/dinner and then contrast with a child who is different. |
Barrier games Colouring -in pictures of house/car/child/snowman etc | ||
Snap Set of snap cards. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Soring by location activity | 1. Print and cut out the resource. 2. Choose how many categories your child is going to sort - it may be best to start with 2 or 3, before making it harder by adding extra categories. 3. Shuffle the items to be sorted. Each take a turn at choosing an item, naming it and placing in the correct location. 4. If your child is finding challenging to name items, use some of the strategies in the word finding information sheet linked above. | |
Make a collage - Paper - Glue - A selection of pictures from your chosen category. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Sorting items by category - Printable category picture cards: Or use a seletion of your own real objects or pictures. | 1. Print and cut out the large category cards and the small picture cards. 2. Start by sorting items from teo different categories. 3. Place the picture cards from the categories face down. Explain to your child you are going to sort the items into groups. 4. Each take a turn at choosing a picture card, naming them item and placing it in the on the appropriate category card. 5. If your child is able to sort items into two catgories, next attemp items from three different categories. | If your child is finding this task challenging, you can help by searching for an item together.
If your child is able to do this activity, when they select a card, you could ask them to think of another item that belongs to that subcategory but is not in the picture cards. You could also move on to the activities that involve sorting items into subcategories - click here. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
What's in the bag - Draw string bag - Sets of objects, for example: Groups of pens, cars, Lego bricks. - You could also use objects which differ markedly in texture, for example six normal pieces of paper and a piece of sandpaper. If you do not have obejcts available you could print out and use a selection of category cards below: | 1. Put a group of objects/pictures into a bag and add one clearly different object/picutre. 2. Take turns taking things out of the bag and saying/signing what they are. 3. Comment on the item that is different, for example "look... this is the odd one out" or "this is different" (look surprised, puzzled, make an exclamation). | |
Odd one out pictures |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Shape pairs A set of cards with shapes you are working on - say four with squares on, four with triangles on, four with rectangles on and four with circles on. |
| Make sure you have a go as well as the children. Take your go in the same way as they do, saying the name of the shape as you turn it over. If the child struggles to say the name of the shape, say it for them. Having lots of goes rather than labouring over one go is likely to be more satisfying for the children. Variations Shapes and object pictures Half the cards have the shape picture on, the other half have pictures of objects that are that shape (viewed from an angle that looks like that shape) - for example: book, iPad, ball, clock, door, coin, cheese triangle, end of Toblerone box, road warning sign. To make pairs, you now have to match a shape to an object picture. Call out the shapes for the objects and shape pictures as before. Object pictures |
Models with 2D shapes Printed cards with pictures of the shapes and their names. Selection of 2D shapes. | Start with a small number of shapes - e.g. squares and triangles. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Hide the toy - Animal pictures or toys - Toy furniture: table, chair, bed. | 1. Place the furniture in front of the child. 2. Ask the child to tell you what to do with an animal of their choosing if they are able to use three word phrases. If they can only use two word phrases, select the toy for them and ask them to tell you where to put it. e.g. under table / on bed (two word level); cat under table / sheep on bed (three word level)
| Allow the child to explore materials and give time to respond to questions. Respond to however the child manages to get their message across (for example if they just point): you may need to demonstrate what you want the child to do using the appropriate language (e.g. "under (the) table"). After the child is familiar with the objects - you can make the task more difficult (and communicative) by putting a screen between the objects and the child whilst they give you an instruction. |
|
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Behind with easily available objects Cup, box, pencil, ruler (you could substitute different objects if you prefer) prompt cards showing the required positions of the items (optional) | 1. Tell the child that you are going to put the pencil behind the cup - put the objects in the right places. 2. Next tell them that you are going to put the pencil behind the box. 3. Put the pencil and ruler in different places, describing what you are doing. Repeat a number of times as necessary putting different objects behind other objects. 4. Then explain it's the child's turn to put the object in the right place. Say "put the pencil behind the box". If the child gets it right, say, "well done, the pencil is behind the box". If s/he gets it wrong, show them where the pencil goes. 5. Carry on giving the child instructions. 6. Let the child have a turn to give the instructions so s/he practices use the words. If the child finds it difficult to think of what to say, make a set of prompt cards. | Make sure that you sit next to the child when you work on these prepositions - this will make sure that what's "behind" for you will also be behind for the child Each time you describe what you are doing or you ask the child to carry out an action, stress the preposition word so they can hear what the important word in that sentence is. At first you should usually work on contrasting prepositions, such as "behind" and "in front" separately, as working on them together when they are both new to the child can cause the child to be confused between the two. |
"In front" with easily available objects Materials as above | ||
Behind and "in front" with easily available objects | Make sure that you sit next to the child when you work on these prepositions - this will make sure that what's "behind" for you will also be behind for the child Each time you describe what you are doing or you ask the child to carry out an action, stress the preposition word so they can hear what the important word in that sentence is. Do this activity only after you have worked on the prepositions separately. | |
Hide and seek with miniatures Miniature people (such as Playmobil) or Teddy, Doll Places for the miniature people to hide, for example toy furniture, bricks, toy car, book etc. | The more enthusiastically you act his out the better. This game can be highly motivating. | |
Picture description Several paired pictures showing the same person, animal or object behind and in front of an object (e.g. a cat behind a bin and a cat in front of a bin; a person behind a chair and a person in front of a chair, etc.) Pencil and paper or white board and pen | This activity is particularly useful for children who are mixing up the words "behind" and "in front". Make sure that the child understands that you are expecting a quick sketch, rather than a very careful drawing that would take a long time to execute. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Hiding game "under" 3 common containers e.g. cup, box and hat Small toy e.g. car/ball Teddy | Encourage the child to close their eyes and hide the toy 'under' one container While the child is trying to find the toy model the word 'under'. "Is it under the hat", "Is it under the box" When the child finds the toy encourage them to say where it is. Swap roles the child now has a turn to hide the toy. Using a teddy or another child, pretend teddy is closing his eyes/or ask other child to close eyes and ask the child "Where shall we hide it?" The child then has to say where. | Start with just one preposition and give lots of models of e.g. "under" For expression give forced alternative e.g. "is it under the hat or under the box" When the child has learnt 'under' introduce another preposition and move on to discriminating between e.g. 'in and under' Use sign for 'under' along with the word to help understanding Use everyday situations to model the word 'under' |
Understanding and using "on" and "under" through physical play Class room furniture PE furniture Playground furniture | Play games in a small group sitting on the chair and sitting under the table, crawling on a mat or carpet and crawling under a table or chair. Comment on what the child is doing e.g. 'Look......you are on the mat' or 'Look........you are under the table' Can the child give instructions about who must go under or on a piece of furniture? This activity is much more fun in a PE setting or a playground if you can arrange it. | Label the children's activities with clear 2 or 3 word phrases. Repeat the phrases over and over again to give lots of learning opportunities. These concepts are taught in contrasting pairs to illustrate the concepts clearly. |
Understanding "on" and "under" using small toys Small plastic animals or Playmobil people. Boxes and containers to hide the small toys.
| Make this a fun game! Can some children not look while a toy is hidden by another child etc.? | |
Understanding "in" and "under" when looking at pictures | Give lots of rewards for success and correct mistakes by saying ‘Look........this is on. Dog is on the box’ etc. | |
Understanding "in" and "out" through physical play | ||
Understanding "in" and "out" using small toys | Keep the activities fun and snappy! | |
Understanding "in" and "out" when looking at pictures |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Draw a picture - Paper and drawing materials - Object that looks different at the front/back. | 1. Ask you child to look at the item in front of them and draw a picture of it. 2. Now turn the object around and ask them to take a look at it from the back, and to draw it again. 3. Talk about the pictures using the words "front" and "back" in your descriptions. Ask your child to say which ones show the back of the figure and which ones the front. | |
Jump on board game |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Physical Activities Materials to use can include: playground equipment, furniture, boxes, hoops, bean bags etc | Show the child how they can be 'on', 'in', 'under' etc these objects. When they are doing an action, say where they are, for example, 'you're under the slide', 'you're on the swing', 'you're under the blanket'. You can extend this by giving the child instructions containing the prepositions you are working on. | |
Hide and seek with toy animals Table, chair, box, teddy, doll | While the doll is not looking, get the child to hide the teddy somewhere by giving them an instruction for example 'put him under the chair'. (Work on no more than two or three prepositions at a time). The doll comes back and asks questions such as 'Is he on the chair', 'Is he under the table' Give the child an opportunity to say where to hide the teddy. Give them a forced alternative, for example 'shall we put him in or under the box' using a sign for each preposition or physically showing the two positions of the teddy along with each word. | |
Lotto game Lotto cards containing pictures of things in different positions, for example teddy on the table, teddy under the table etc. | ||
Tea party Dolls, tea-set | ||
Obstacle course for example: hoops, table, chair | ||
Giving a puppet instructions puppet, objects such as spoon, cup, brush etc. | ||
Tidy up | ||
Nursery Rhymes |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Physical activities Preposition symbols Playground equipment Furniture, boxes, hoops etc. If you don't have any, you can get preposition symbols - such as "on", "in", "under", "over" - using the Commtap Symboliser. | 1. Introduce one preposition concept at a time. 2. Get your child to do an action by saying "Stand on the bench" and then show them what you mean by standing on the bench, showing them the 'on' symbol and then encouraging them to copy you. 3. What other things can they stand on? 4. Once they are familiar with the first preposition, then introduce the next one. 5. Remember to show your child what to do when you introduce a new concept, as well as supporting it using visual clues. | Remember to support these activities with additional visual clues including signing and the symbols. In addition to working on the prepositions during particular activities, utilise every day opportunities to comment on what your child is doing. For example, by saying "You are on the slide. If you don't know the sign for a preposition, ask your Speech and Language Therapist. It may take one or more sessions before the child has understood the first preposition and before you can move on to another one. |
Obstacle Course Various objects such as table, chair, bench, hoop, etc. Masking tape Preposition symbols You can get preposition symbols - such as "on", "in", "under" - using the Commtap Symboliser. | It may be easier to do this activity when your child is familiar with the prepositions or if you have another adult to help your child complete the obstacle course. Have fun!!! It can be a race with other children. | |
Obstacle Course with toy animals/puppets Toy animals/puppets Real or miniature furniture Masking tape Preposition symbols You can get preposition symbols - such as "on", "in", "under" - using the Commtap Symboliser. | ||
Hide and seek with toy animals Table, chair, box, teddy, doll. Preposition symbols. You can get preposition symbols - such as "on", "in", "under" - using the Commtap Symboliser. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
---|---|---|
Introducing full/empty - full/empty symbols - click here to print - play activity - water/sand/soil/small toys - different containers | 1. Print and cut out the symbols set you wish to use - you could work on full empty straight away or simply if by using full/not full. 2. With your chosen play equipment, model to your child what full and empty look like with a range of different containers and items to fill them. 3. Comment on your child playing, encourage them to make full containers then empty them. | If your child is finding it challenging to grasp the difference between full and empty. Choose one concept first, e.g. full, and use 'not full' as the alternative. Once you are confident that your child understands this concept you can start to teach the concept of empty. |
Water play - Aprons for you and child - Symbol for 'full' and 'empty' - click here to print - Four identical see-through containers - Two large jugs/bottles - Paper towels - Plastic sheet to work over
| ||
Watering the garden |
Thank you for visiting Commtap.
Commtap needs £5,000 per year to cover its basic running costs, we only have £1,000 left. Please make a donation now.
Please read this message as it is extremely important.
It costs £5,000 a year to cover Commtap's basic day-to-day running costs. We have £1,000 left.
Right now, less than 1% of Commtap's visitors pay anything towards the running of the site.
We know that not everyone is able to afford to pay to access these resources, however, if you can, please make a minimum donation of £10 to keep the site going.
Thank you