Blank M., Rose S., and Berlin L. (1978) "The Language of Learning: The Preschool Years". Grune and Stratton, New York.
Blank's Levels of Discourse and the associated descriptions quoted from Blank, Rose and Berlin (1978) are used on Commtap by kind permission of Dr. Marion Blank. Marion Blank's software programmes Reading Kingdom and ASD Reading use the ideas developed in this discourse model.
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Newspaper Newspaper or children's paper or magazine Large sheet of paper Pens | Choose a page of a newspaper or children's paper, or cut out some stories from a newspaper. (You could also do this on line if you have access to a computer. It is very motivating for the children!) Choose stories that will prompt discussion and are not simple right / wrong issues. Put the main person in the story in a circle in the middle of a page. Draw lots of lines out of the circle, and think of different things the person could do. Have each child circle the one they think they would suggest . Help the children think about what will happen if the person takes their advice. | |
You're in charge! Cards to write situations on. Paper Pens | ||
Freeze frames Short video clips from children's programmes | You could write individual or group letters to the programme makers suggesting an ending to this scene. | |
Alien bluff Alien puppet or picture. Cards to write situations on. Everyday situations at school and home. | Use a variety of situations - in class, in whole school events, in the playground, at home, etc. | |
Social Sequences LDA what's wrong social sequencing cards. Paper or whiteboard Pens | Use paper or a white board to keep the discussion focused. Use facial emotions cards as visual prompts to help the children think about what people are feeling and why. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Story books and pictures | Describe and look for things and actions in story books and pictures. | |
Fishing game pictures with paper clips attached, magnetic fishing rods, 'pond' e.g. a flat box | Put cards in the box, take turns to fish for a picture, say/sign what is fished out. | Give the pupil time to name the object. Help them by giving a prompt (e.g. a forced alternative, the first sound. or the word or sign to repeat) |
'Hide the fish' Eight picture cards, small piece of paper with a fish drawn on it | ||
Collages Pictures of everyday objects, background pictures (Black Sheep Sentence Builder and Narrative Packs have some good ones) | Give the pupil time to name the object. Help them by giving a prompt (e.g. a forced alternative, the first sound. or the word or sign to repeat) Have each child take a turn at thinking of other items they could add to that collage. They can draw these on. | |
Jotters Pictures of everyday objects from class and outside. A blank jotter book | Have the child take a turn at thinking of other items they could add | |
Odd one out activites Pictures of everyday objects from class and outside | Give the pupil time to think about it. Help them by giving a prompt (e.g. a forced alternative, talking about where you find each object and what you do with it.) |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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I like/ I don’t like Laminated A3 sheet divided in half with a line, with an "I like" symbol on one side and an "I don’t like" symbol on the other side (symbols could be a smiley face and a sad face); Assortment of pictures of food, animals, cartoon characters, games etc.; Use Velcro or blue-tak to attach pictures to board. You can also get picture symbols from the Commtap Symboliser.
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Jump in the hoop Large plastic hoop. Assortment of pictures of food, animals, cartoon characters, games etc. (if needed). |
Resources on this site for using word webs:
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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What's in the bag? - Bag - A selection of objects or pictures - click below for printable object pictures: - Question prompt cards - click here to print.
| 1. Explain to your child/student that you are all going to take it in turns to put something in the bag and describe it for others to guess. 2.Model the game for the first turn. Give a description of your obejct for the others to guess. 3. Swap and let your child/student have a turn. If your child/student is finding it hard to think of things to saym you can use the questions cards to help support them. | |
Treasure Hunt - Objects to hide around the room (optional) | ||
Taboo! . |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Deciding on the ingredients Pen; Paper; Optional - picture symbols for food items you need; An idea for what you are going to make. If using, you can make picture symbol cards using the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint. |
See comments for variations on doing this. | Making it easier: Have a set of pictures of ingredients which are appropriate for what you are making, and some other ingredients. Get the children to choose the appropriate ingredients. Even easier: Have a set of pictures for the ingredients, and some further pictures which aren't food (e.g. pictures of furniture, clothes). Help the child to choose those which are food items. Harder: Get the children to draw and/or write down the ingredients themselves. |
Buying ingredients
You can make a shopping list with symbols using the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint. | On subsequent occasions, you can pretend that you have a really bad memory, and you need the children to help you to remember what to take. If they don't remember everything, you can look a bit confused, and say something like "I'm sure we need to take something else...". You could also use ideas based on the comments in "Deciding on the ingredients". | |
Making the item
| If the children are familiar with cooking this item, but they sequenced the pictures for doing the activity incorrectly at the beginning, you don't necessarily have to correct them straight away - you can correct it at the point when it becomes a problem - e.g. if you get to the putting the pizza in the oven bit before you've put the sauce and toppings on (look very confused!). Sketches for the sequence - these do not need to be accurate at all - they will be useful for this activity no matter what level of drawing ability you have. The children can also help with this. You can incorporate a number of maths concepts into the activities, for example: "full", "empty", "more", "less", "hot", "cold". Safety. Clearly you will need to manage any dangerous aspects of the cooking process as appropriate for the children you are working with (e.g. use of knives, the cooker). |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Story Retelling Short stories 'Who, Where, When, What happened, What happened next, the end', prompt cards. Pencils | Tell the story yourself first. Discuss the prompt cards with the children, and explain that it is important they remember to answer all of the questions on the cards when they are telling their stories. Have one child at a time take a turn to retell the story. Go over the cards to see if they have included all the details. | If it is a familiar story to the child you could just give them time to remember it instead of telling it yourself first. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Naughty puppet "What happened?" prompt (e.g. from Black Sheep Press Narrative Pack) Large hand puppet (such as "Molly" from LDA) or large rag doll or soft toy. Classroom equipment | 1. Stick the "What happened?" prompt on the board. 2. Produce the puppet and introduce it to the children. 3. Explain that you are going to practise talking about what happened, and that Molly (or whatever you call the puppet) will help the children to do this. 4. Explain that Molly is sometimes a bit naughty. 5. At this point, the other adult makes an excuse and leaves the room. 6. While the second adult is out of the room, make Molly do something naughty (e.g. take rubbish out of the bin, hide something in the cupboard, kick someone, jump on the furniture, or play with the light switch etc.) 7. The second adult returns to the room (send a child to collect them if necessary). 8. When the second adult comes back, ask the children to explain what happened while they were out of the room. 9. Steps 5-8 can be repeated a number of times if necessary. 10. The children can write up what happened in their literacy books. | This works best as a group activity. This activity compliments the "What happened?" work from the Black Sheep Press Narrative Pack. You need two adults for this activity - or alternatively you could have two puppets. One of the puppets goes away whilst the other one does something a bit naughty. The children then have to tell the puppet who went away what happened. Having the children describe what happened to a person who didn't see is more natural than asking them to talk to someone who also saw the event. It gives them a reason to communicate. To start with, have Molly do one or two things while the adult is out of the room. As the children become more used to the activity, increase this number. This gives them more to remember. If working with a mixed ability group, the more able children can be asked to use the language of sequencing (e.g. "first", "second", "then", "next", "last" etc.) |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Storyteller Stories the child is unfamiliar with. They can be extracts from reading books or made up. Photocopy of the story (optional) | 1. Explain to the child that they are going to tell a story. You are going to tell it first and then it will be their turn. 2. Tell the story. It should be about 150 - 200 words. Make sure that there is enough detail in the section you have chosen or in the story you have made up. 3. Have the child tell the story back to you, or to another child. 4. Look at the photocopy of the story together and highlight all the details the child remembered (optional). | You can have the child use a puppet when they are telling the story |
Quiz Story, description or explanation the child is unfamiliar with. Photocopy of this (optional) | If the child is finding it very difficult, make your questions easier, so that the child finishes the activity with success. You can ask easier questions, give the child clues (e.g. multiple choice answers) or read part of the story / description / explanation again. | |
Messages Story, description or explanation the child is unfamiliar with. Photocopy of this (optional) Pens and paper or whiteboards | If you can, try and put yourselves at different ends of the room so the second child cannot hear the message when you say it! You could make the activity more interesting by setting the scene and sending the messages in character - e.g. shopping, an adventure story or something related to a literacy or history topic. | |
Comprehension Activities Curriculum topic activities |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Story String String Pegs Who-what-where-what prompt sheet using symbols, colour-coded:
Who (orange) What (i.e. objects - green) Where (red) What (i.e. actions - yellow)
Picture cards in separate bags or envelopes follows: Who envelope: e.g. various people, animals, monsters, spacemen, football players What (objects) envelope: e.g. football, car, rocket, computer, stick, box, bicycle Where envelope: e.g. park, mountain, house, beach What (actions) envelope: e.g. jump, sleep, fly, fall, cry, drive You could also use the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint to get picture symbols for these items. | 1. Pick a card from each envelope and peg them onto the string. 2. Make up a simple story which has everything on the string in it. 3. Have the child recap the main parts of the story to you, using the prompt sheet. 4. Take it in turns to make up the story, but have the child do the retell of it every time. | |
Story Retell A familiar story, and key pictures of who, where, what and what happened in the story. (You might be able to photocopy this from a book). Who-what-where-what prompt sheet using symbols, colour-coded:
Who (orange) What (i.e. objects - green) Where (red) What (i.e. actions - yellow) You could use the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint to get symbols. | Example: Goldilocks - book Pictures: Who: Goldilocks, 3 bears Where: house, forest What things: porridge, chair, bed What happened: hot, walking, eating, breaking, sleeping, come back, run away You could vary this by watch short clips of film / computer programmes instead of having the book. | |
Walk the walk A wind up toy (e.g. Simon the Sheep) Pictures of things it might see or do on its walk Who-what-where-what prompt sheet using symbols, colour-coded:
Who (orange) What (i.e. objects - green) Where (red) What (i.e. actions - yellow) You could use the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint to get symbols. | ||
Any story or recount of an event Who-what-where-what prompt sheet using symbols, colour-coded:
Who (orange) What (i.e. objects - green) Where (red) What (i.e. actions - yellow) You could use the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint to get symbols. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Classify the object 1
| 1. Decide on a common category e.g. "things which are round" or "things which are red". 2. Help the child to sort the items into 2 groups according to whether they fit the category or not (i.e. a 'red' group and a 'not red' group). | |
Classify the object 2 A selection of common objects (you could use pictures instead) 2 sorting rings (draw two overlapping circles on a large sheet of paper if these are not available) Category labels (optional) | 1. Decide on two common categories e.g. "things which are round" and "things which are red". 2. Place the sorting rings on the table so that they overlap. 3. Explain that one ring is for items that have one feature (e.g. "round"). Explain that the other ring is for items that have the other feature (e.g. "red"). Explain that where the rings overlap, is where things that have both features go (see diagram on the left). Items which do not fit either category are left outside the rings. 4. Add labels if you are using them. 5. Help the child to sort the items into groups according to which category they fit. | To make this activity more difficult, you could sort according to three categories. |
Spider chart
| Example of a spider chart: | |
What's in the bag?
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Nicknames No materials required | Works well as a group activity - could be used as an ice-breaker. | |
I spy adjectives No materials required. | ||
Books
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Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Categories Challenge Picture cards. These can be related to class topic vocabulary | Have each adult and child in the group take it in turns to make the cards into 2 groups (or 3 if necessary). The cards in each group must all share a property or a function e.g. made of metal / transport (encourage the children not to base their groups purely on appearance). Write down the categories that are thought of, so that the children can review them. | This is a very flexible activity, which can be used for a very wide range of vocabulary. If the children can read, you could use written words rather than pictures. |
Shopping List Flash cards with possible properties and functions written on them (e.g. hard, rough, things you wear, things you use to cut with, things you can read, etc.) A dice | If 6 items is too challenging, use a 1 - 3 dice. You could also extend the activity by having the other children in the group add more items to a group. You could stick the flash card into a notebook, and write / draw each item that is thought of around it. Each time you do the activity you will be building up a bank of words linked into categories. | |
Add One Assorted picture cards. (They can be linked to class topic vocabulary. Make sure there are cards from a range of different categories) | This activity should only be used with vocabulary items the children are familiar with. When the children have a number of cards, it will be easier if they can make more than 3 groups. If they are finding it challenging, remove the time pressure. This means that each child has as long as they need to make 2 or 3 groups. When each child has finished, everyone then takes an additional card. | |
Semantic Links This activity requires the purchasing of a commercial programme. SLTs/specialist teachers - help to further develop this sheet by providing an example or description of alternative resources to use in this activity. Worksheet from Semantic Links programme - available from Stass Publications Choose one with 3 choices. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Object properties race track game Pictures of everyday objects from classroom or home, or real objects. Cards with words and symbols of actions e.g. cut, stretch, squash Dice Counters You can create cards with symbols for actions using the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint. | Explain that you are going to be thinking about things you see around you, and what you can do to them. Discuss each of the action cards, and model each action. E.g. stretch - stretch a rubber band Lay the picture cards out in a simple race track. Put the action cards up where you can all see them. Take turns to throw a dice and move round the track. Turn over the picture card you land on and say which one of the actions can be done to that object. The first person to the end of the track wins. | It is important to check the child understands the actions, and knows what the objects are. |
Object properties card sorting game Cards with words and symbols of actions Bag / box Pictures of objects from school, or home / real objects Sandtimer You can create cards with symbols for actions using the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint. | It is important to check the child understands the actions, and knows what the objects are. | |
Actions with everyday objects Pictures of everyday objects from classroom or home, or real objects. Cards with words and symbols of activities e.g. eat, draw You can create cards with symbols for actions using the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint. | ||
Object properties four in a row game Pictures of everyday objects from classroom or home, or real objects. Cards with words and symbols of activities e.g. eat, draw Counters in 2 colours - 10 each. You can create cards with symbols for actions using the Commtap Symboliser for PowerPoint.
| To make this easier, put cards up where you can see them showing a range of activities to choose from. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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Find and match Pairs of related objects, for example: pencil and paper sock and a shoe bar of soap and a flannel, toothbrush and a tube of toothpaste hammer and nail knife and fork box | 1. Select pairs of related objects; 2. Place one member of each of the object pairs in front of the child (e.g. pencil, sock, soap, toothbrush); 3. Place the remaining objects (e.g. paper, shoe, flannel, toothpaste) in a box; 4. Have the child pick an object from the box and ask them to "Find the one we use with this"; 5. Repeat with the rest of the objects in the box. | If necessary, demonstrate how the objects go together, or get the child to show you. If the child chooses the wrong item, you can look puzzled and try and use those items together. For example try and write on the paper with a toothbrush. Then you can try and find the right item, and look pleased with yourself/ express happiness when you find you can make marks on the paper. |
Activity/strategy name and materials required | How to do the activity | Key principles for doing the activity and comments |
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What's wrong pictures What's wrong pictures (e.g. LDA, Colorcards) Pen and paper | 1. Choose a picture (or let the child choose one). Both people look at it. Take it in turns to describe the picture and say how it should look. Make sure you have a new picture to describe each time. 2. Take it in turns to choose a picture, which you keep hidden from the other person. Describe the picture while the other person tries to draw it based on your description. Compare the drawing to the original picture and say how the picture should look. If the drawing does not look very much like the picture, say why this went wrong. | |
Did I get it right? Large composite pictures (e.g. "passages a decouvrir"). Score sheet (2 columns - one with your name at the top, the other with the child's) Pen | Some children find it extremely difficult to correct adults, even if the adult's mistake means the child gets something wrong (for example colouring a banana blue because the adult passed the wrong pen). You may need to reassure the child that it's ok to correct you. |
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